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Over the years, the various versions of tar and cpio became slightly incompatible. While tape technology has continued to evolve, modern backup systems tend to combine off-site backups with local removable media. In FreeBSD, mt is used to control operations of the tape drive, such as seeking through files on a tape or writing tape control marks to the tape.
For example, the first three files on a tape can be preserved by skipping past them before writing a new file:. This utility supports many operations.
Refer to mt 1 for details. To write a single file to tape using tar , specify the name of the tape device and the file to backup:. To backup a UFS file system, use dump. The FreeBSD Ports Collection provides many third-party utilities which can be used to schedule the creation of backups, simplify tape backup, and make backups easier and more convenient. In addition to regular backups, it is recommended to perform the following steps as part of an emergency preparedness plan.
Store this printout and a copy of the installation media in a secure location. Should an emergency restore be needed, boot into the installation media and select Live CD to access a rescue shell. This rescue mode can be used to view the current state of the system, and if needed, to reformat disks and restore data from backups.
Next, test the rescue shell and the backups. Make notes of the procedure. Store these notes with the media, the printouts, and the backups. These notes may prevent the inadvertent destruction of the backups while under the stress of performing an emergency recovery. For an added measure of security, store the latest backup at a remote location which is physically separated from the computers and disk drives by a significant distance.
In addition to physical disks, FreeBSD also supports the creation and use of memory disks. In FreeBSD, the md 4 driver is used to provide support for memory disks.
When using a custom kernel configuration file, ensure it includes this line:. To mount an existing file system image, use mdconfig to specify the name of the ISO file and a free unit number.
Then, refer to that unit number to mount it on an existing mount point. Once mounted, the files in the ISO will appear in the mount point. This example attaches diskimage. Notice that -t cd was used to mount an ISO format. If a unit number is not specified with -u , mdconfig will automatically allocate an unused memory device and output the name of the allocated unit, such as md4. Refer to mdconfig 8 for more details about this command and its options.
When a memory disk is no longer in use, its resources should be released back to the system. First, unmount the file system, then use mdconfig to detach the disk from the system and release its resources. To continue this example:. To determine if any memory disks are still attached to the system, type mdconfig -l.
FreeBSD also supports memory disks where the storage to use is allocated from either a hard disk or an area of memory.
The first method is commonly referred to as a file-backed file system and the second method as a memory-backed file system.
Both types can be created using mdconfig. To create a new memory-backed file system, specify a type of swap and the size of the memory disk to create. Then, format the memory disk with a file system and mount as usual. This example creates a 5M memory disk on unit 1. That memory disk is then formatted with the UFS file system before it is mounted:. To create a new file-backed memory disk, first allocate an area of disk to use. This example creates an empty 5MB file named newimage :.
Next, attach that file to a memory disk, label the memory disk and format it with the UFS file system, mount the memory disk, and verify the size of the file-backed disk:. It takes several commands to create a file- or memory-backed file system using mdconfig.
FreeBSD also comes with mdmfs which automatically configures a memory disk, formats it with the UFS file system, and mounts it. For example, after creating newimage with dd , this one command is equivalent to running the bsdlabel , newfs , and mount commands shown above:.
If the unit number is not specified, mdmfs will automatically select an unused memory device. For more details about mdmfs , refer to mdmfs 8. UFS snapshots allow a user to create images of specified file systems, and treat them as a file. Snapshot files must be created in the file system that the action is performed on, and a user may create no more than 20 snapshots per file system.
Active snapshots are recorded in the superblock so they are persistent across unmount and remount operations along with system reboots. When a snapshot is no longer required, it can be removed using rm 1. While snapshots may be removed in any order, all the used space may not be acquired because another snapshot will possibly claim some of the released blocks.
Snapshots are created using mount 8. Some administrators will use a snapshot file for backup purposes, because the snapshot can be transferred to CDs or tape. The file system integrity checker, fsck 8 , may be run on the snapshot.
Assuming that the file system was clean when it was mounted, this should always provide a clean and unchanging result. Running dump 8 on the snapshot will produce a dump file that is consistent with the file system and the timestamp of the snapshot. The snapshot can be mounted as a frozen image of the file system. Everything will initially be in the same state it was during the snapshot creation time.
The only exception is that any earlier snapshots will appear as zero length files. To unmount the snapshot, use:. Disk quotas can be used to limit the amount of disk space or the number of files a user or members of a group may allocate on a per-file system basis.
This prevents one user or group of users from consuming all of the available disk space. This section describes how to configure disk quotas for the UFS file system. In this example, the 1 indicates quota support. If the value is instead 0 , add the following line to a custom kernel configuration file and rebuild the kernel using the instructions in Configuring the FreeBSD Kernel :. Normally on bootup, the quota integrity of each file system is checked by quotacheck 8. This program insures that the data in the quota database properly reflects the data on the file system.
This is a time consuming process that will significantly affect the time the system takes to boot. For example:. To enable group quotas, use groupquota instead. To enable both user and group quotas, separate the options with a comma:. By default, quota files are stored in the root directory of the file system as quota.
Refer to fstab 5 for more information. Specifying an alternate location for the quota files is not recommended. In the normal course of operations, there should be no need to manually run quotacheck 8 , quotaon 8 , or quotaoff 8.
However, one should read these manual pages to be familiar with their operation. There should be a one line summary of disk usage and current quota limits for each file system that quotas are enabled on. Several options are available to enforce limits on the amount of disk space a user or group may allocate, and how many files they may create. Allocations can be limited based on disk space block quotas , number of files inode quotas , or a combination of both.
Each limit is further broken down into two categories: hard and soft limits. A hard limit may not be exceeded. Once a user reaches a hard limit, no further allocations can be made on that file system by that user. For example, if the user has a hard limit of kbytes on a file system and is currently using kbytes, the user can only allocate an additional 10 kbytes.
Attempting to allocate an additional 11 kbytes will fail. Soft limits can be exceeded for a limited amount of time, known as the grace period, which is one week by default. If a user stays over their limit longer than the grace period, the soft limit turns into a hard limit and no further allocations are allowed. When the user drops back below the soft limit, the grace period is reset.
In the following example, the quota for the test account is being edited. The default editor is set to vi. There are normally two lines for each file system that has quotas enabled. One line represents the block limits and the other represents the inode limits. Change the value to modify the quota limit. Sometimes it is desirable to set quota limits on a range of users.
This can be done by first assigning the desired quota limit to a user. The following command will duplicate those quota limits for UIDs 10, through 19, :. For more information, refer to edquota 8. To check individual user or group quotas and disk usage, use quota 1. A user may only examine their own quota and the quota of a group they are a member of.
Only the superuser may view all user and group quotas. To get a summary of all quotas and disk usage for file systems with quotas enabled, use repquota 8. Normally, file systems that the user is not using any disk space on will not show in the output of quota , even if the user has a quota limit assigned for that file system. Use -v to display those file systems.
The following is sample output from quota -v for a user that has quota limits on two file systems. Quotas are enforced by the quota subsystem on the NFS server. The rpc. On the NFS server, enable rpc. FreeBSD offers excellent online protections against unauthorized data access.
File permissions and Mandatory Access Control MAC help prevent unauthorized users from accessing data while the operating system is active and the computer is powered up.
Unlike encryption methods that encrypt individual files, the built-in gbde and geli utilities can be used to transparently encrypt entire file systems. This chapter demonstrates how to create an encrypted file system on FreeBSD. It first demonstrates the process using gbde and then demonstrates the same example using geli. The objective of the gbde 4 facility is to provide a formidable challenge for an attacker to gain access to the contents of a cold storage device.
However, if the computer is compromised while up and running and the storage device is actively attached, or the attacker has access to a valid passphrase, it offers no protection to the contents of the storage device. Thus, it is important to provide physical security while the system is running and to protect the passphrase used by the encryption mechanism.
This facility provides several barriers to protect the data stored in each disk sector. Each sector on the disk is encrypted with a different AES key. For more information on the cryptographic design, including how the sector keys are derived from the user-supplied passphrase, refer to gbde 4. Install the new drive to the system as explained in Adding Disks. The gbde lock file contains information that gbde requires to access encrypted partitions.
Without access to the lock file, gbde will not be able to decrypt the data contained in the encrypted partition without significant manual intervention which is not supported by the software. Each encrypted partition uses a separate lock file. A gbde partition must be initialized before it can be used.
This initialization needs to be performed only once. This command will open the default editor, in order to set various configuration options in a template. Once the edit is saved, the user will be asked twice to type the passphrase used to secure the data. The passphrase must be the same both times. The ability of gbde to protect data depends entirely on the quality of the passphrase.
This initialization creates a lock file for the gbde partition. Lock files must end in ". Lock files must be backed up together with the contents of any encrypted partitions. Without the lock file, the legitimate owner will be unable to access the data on the encrypted partition. This command will prompt to input the passphrase that was selected during the initialization of the encrypted partition. Once the encrypted device has been attached to the kernel, a file system can be created on the device.
What this means is that your computer and remote connections are fully protected, and you never have to worry about any privacy attacks. Just recently, AnyDesk launched a new AnyDesk 7 upgrade that brings several new features, including an overhauled and more intuitive user experience and a simpler website UI to boot. Plus, you get features like resetting remote screen resolution, global security settings, improved language support, stronger password requirements, and more. AnyDesk is a powerful remote desktop tool, and it is one of the best TeamViewer alternatives you should try out.
UltraViewer Windows users looking for a free and lightweight remote desktop app like TeamViewer might love what UltraViewer has to offer. It has a size of just 1. In my testing, I found UltraViewer to be pretty fast and responsive. UltraViewer supports features, such as file sharing, chat window, multi-computer support, and more.
And similar to TeamViewer, it also brings audio chat, but that is available to paid customers only. Even if we consider the paid plans, UltraViewer is cheap compared to TeamViewer. I think UltraViewer is quite a capable remote desktop application. You should definitely give it a try, especially if you wish to save some precious bucks.
All you have to do is install the agent on the host computer, and you can access the client machine just like that. The best part is that it also brings file transfer via the browser, shell access for Linux systems, resource monitor, text editor, and more. I used the service on my Chromebook and Windows 11 PC, and it worked flawlessly. Talking about security, it uses the same SSL security standard used on the web for real-time communication.
And similar to TeamViewer, you have security features like 2FA for protecting the remote connection. To sum up, DWService is one of the best TeamViewer alternatives that you should definitely check out. Parallels Access Another great remote access software is Parallels Access. It provides one of the fastest, simplest, and most reliable remote access to your PC, from anywhere. The service allows users to access all your applications, files, and computers in one place.
My favorite feature of Parallels Access is its mobile apps. While most of the remote desktop software mentioned on this list come with their own mobile apps, Parallels Access gives you the best mobile viewing experience. The connection never dropped in my testing, and all your touch inputs are recognized instantly on the computer being controlled.
Parallels Access also brings along its proprietary and unique Applification technology. It lets you use your desktop applications as if they were native apps for your iPhone, iPad, or Android mobile device. This nifty feature makes it easy to interact with desktop apps while accessing them on your mobile remotely. It also brings an easily accessible magnifying glass along with the ability to c opy and paste texts and files precisely.
While most remote desktop software, including TeamViewer, heavily focuses on the desktop experience, Parallels Access is the only one whose key focus is the mobile experience. That makes this software unique and useful. Zoho Assist If you are after a highly efficient cloud-based TeamViewer alternative to manage devices in the IT department or offer IT support to customers, give serious consideration to Zoho Assist.
Probably the biggest highlight of this software is its wide range of tools available at your disposal. It allows you to set up unattended remote access both inside and outside LAN and manage laptops, PCs, mobile devices, and even servers with the desired flexibility.
Just like TeamViewer, Assist also supports multiple platforms so that you can take control of devices across platforms. Another thing worth noting is that it works pretty fast in establishing secure connections.
So, just in case you find TeamViewer a little sluggish establishing connections, this could be the right answer to your needs. The support for multiple monitors and the ability to automatically detect active monitors play a pivotal role in letting you navigate between several desktops and control them remotely. Furthermore, the voice and video chat feature makes it more convenient for you to interact with your customers and sort out issues.
Plus, it also lets you reboot the connected remote desktop with just a single click and reconnect to the session right away. Perfect for the times where you are helping your customer to troubleshoot any stubborn issues. Again, Assist outsmarts TeamViewer on this front. With a seamless file transfer feature during a live session , Zoho Assist ensures you can send updates, patches, or any essential files to the remote desktop with ease.
This feature rich service offers mutliple ways to connect to remote desktops, as well as support for unattended access to systems. ISL Light allows users to connect via their desktop app, through a browser, via a link, and a plethora of other options that you can utilise as per your needs.
You also get user access management tools and a host of other features for fine-tuning how you want to use ISL Light for managing the computers on your networks. For more sensitive use-cases, ISL Light even comes with an Intranet LAN only mode , as well as security features like brute force intrusion protection.
Businesses will also appreciate the support for custom logos, WebAPI2 support for integration with third party apps and services, and a variety of other customisation options. Supremo Control Supremo markets itself as a powerful, easy, and complete solution for remote desktop control and support. It allows the users to access a remote PC or host meetings in just a few seconds. The ability to display personal logos will come in really handy for anyone who wants to increase their brand awareness.
Supremo is also easy to use. Also, Supremo is free to use for local networks. However, you need to buy a license if you want to access your PC from anywhere. Splashtop markets itself as an all-in-one solution for all your remote access needs. The service allows both individuals and teams to easily access their personal, as well as shared computers, with any device at any time.
Splashtop focuses on security and ensures that your remote connection is always secured. Access is further protected by device authentication, two-step verification, and multiple 2nd-level password options.
One more good thing about Splashtop is that the software is essentially free for personal use. Just like Supremo Control, you can use it to access devices on a local area network remotely without shelling out a penny. So yeah, that makes Splashtop one of the cheapest remote access software for personal use, especially when compared to TeamViewer.
The best part about this deal is that you are not losing on features as you get a full-fledged remote desktop experience. LogMeIn Remote Access LogMeIn Pro is another popular TeamViewer alternative that allows users to not only access their computers from any device but also to store and collaborate on files.
Where code is written and executed at runtime—a JIT compiler is a prominent example—the compiler can potentially be used to produce exploit code e. Return-oriented programming can allow an attacker to execute arbitrary code even when executable space protection is enforced.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. For other uses, see Pax disambiguation.
Android Source Repository Change. Retrieved Android Code Review. September 10, Retrieved January 25, PaX project. Archived from the original on Archived from the original on January 2, Retrieved 27 September Archived from the original PDF on Categories : Operating system security.
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